Table 3 Studies on the relationship between airway obstruction and atherosclerosis
From: Metabolic syndrome and carotid intima-media thickness in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
Reference | N | Population | Design | Methodology | Comments |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Engström G, 2001 [39] | 207 | Smokers without history of cardiovascular disease | Cohort- cross sectional | Spirometry, calf plethysmography at 55 years, spirometry, ankle-arm blood pressure and carotid ultrasound at 68 years | The risk of developing atherosclerosis is associated with the degree of ventilatory capacity |
Zureik M, 2001 [11] | 656 | Adults without coronary heart disease | Cohort- cross sectional | Peak expiratory flow at the baseline, carotid B-mode ultrasound at baseline and 2 and 4Â years later | Reduced lung function is associated with carotid atherosclerosis in the elderly |
Schroeder EB, The ARIC study, 2005 [40] | 14,000 | Adults | Cross-sectional | Lung function, ankle-brachial index (ABI), carotid intimal-medial thickness (IMT), presence of carotid plaques | Association between decreased FEV1 and decreased ABI/increased IMT in the full cohort |
Iwamoto et al., 2009 [41] | 305 | Smokers with airflow limitation, age-matched control smokers, control never-smokers | Cross-sectional | Chest radiogram, spirometry, blood sampling, and carotid ultrasound | Exaggerated subclinical atherosclerosis in smokers with airflow limitation |
Barr RG, et al., the MESA Lung Study, 2012 [42] | 3,642 | Multi-Ethnic participants aged 45–84 years without clinical cardiovascular disease. | Cross-sectional | Spirometry, carotid intima-media thickness (IMT), ankle-brachial index (ABI) and coronary artery calcium (CAC), percentage of emphysema-like lung | Association between airway obstruction and emphysema with subclinical atherosclerosis in the carotid arteries |