The influence of active and passive smoking on the cardiorespiratory fitness of adults

Table 2 Variables obtained during the cardiopulmonary exercise test

Characteristics	Non-smokers	Passive smokers	Active smokers	p
	(n = 15)	(n = 14)	(n = 14)
VO_2max (% pred)*	118.44 ± 38.11^†**	89.75 ± 7.4^†	75.13 ± 17.78**	<0.001
RQ peak (l·min^-1)	1.13 ± 0.3	1.2 ± 0.4	1.1 ± 0.3	0.82
HR resting (bpm)	70.6 ± 14.9	73.6 ± 11.8	77.6 ± 13.8	0.38
HR reached (bpm)	159.1 ± 19.6	160.1 ± 13.6	152.7 ± 13.9	0.42
SAP resting (mmHg)	117.9 ± 10.4	120.3 ± 12.6	120.9 ± 9.3	0.73
SAP reached (mmHg)	151.3 ± 11.2	148.9 ± 18.4	147.1 ± 9.1	0.70
DAD resting (mmHg)	76 ± 9.4	74.6 ± 7.4	74.6 ± 9.1	0.88
DAP reached (mmHg)	84.3 ± 5.6	85.3 ± 6.3	84.6 ± 7.4	0.91

DAP, diastolic blood pressure; HR; heart rate; RQ, respiratory quotient; SAP, systolic arterial pressure; VO_2max, maximum oxygen consumption;. Values are expressed as mean ± SD. p, p-value obtained through analysis of variance (ANOVA). *Analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) was also performed to compare VO_2max and its covariates age, %F, WC and level of physical activity, among groups. Significance was accepted at p < 0.05. ^†Significant difference between non-smokers and passive smokers (p = 0.022). **Significant difference between non-smokers and active smokers (p < 0.001).

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