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Table 3 Association between restrictive pattern and moderate to more severe restrictive pattern and risk factors

From: Change in prevalence of restrictive lung impairment in the U.S. population and associated risk factors: the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 1988–1994 and 2007–2010

 

Restrictive pattern (FVC < LLN, FEV 1 /FVC > LLN)

Moderate to more severe restrictive pattern (FVC < LLN, FEV 1 /FVC > LLN, FEV 1 < 70%)

 

1988–1994

2007–2010

1988–1994

2007–2010

 

OR (95% CI) a

OR (95% CI) a

OR (95% CI) a

OR (95% CI) a

Age category, years

    

20–29

1.00

1.00

1.00

1.00

30–39

1.18 (0.84–1.65)

1.10 (0.78–1.54)

1.90 (0.82–4.39)

1.03 (0.21–5.11)

40–49

1.13 (0.72–1.77)

1.11 (0.71–1.74)

2.93 (1.24–6.92)

2.27 (0.64–8.02)

50–59

2.15 (1.43–3.23)

1.57 (1.16–2.12)

7.42 (3.17–17.35)

5.00 (1.31–19.03)

60–69

1.90 (1.25–2.88)

1.76 (1.11–2.79)

9.85 (4.00–24.34)

7.54 (2.27–25.10)

70–79

1.11 (0.70–1.76)

1.29 (0.92–1.81)

8.57 (3.54–20.75)

3.99 (1.23–12.97)

Sex

    

Female

1.00

1.00

1.00

1.00

Male

0.80 (0.61–1.06)

0.97 (0.70–1.36)

0.47 (0.34–0.67)

0.44 (0.27–0.72)

Race/ethnicity

    

White

1.00

1.00

1.00

1.00

African American

0.62 (0.49–0.78)

0.65 (0.46–0.93)

0.90 (0.64–1.25)

0.88 (0.47–1.65)

Mexican American

0.66 (0.51–0.86)

1.29 (0.98–1.69)

0.64 (0.40–1.05)

0.35 (0.14–0.84)

Education

    

< High school

1.00

1.00

1.00

1.00

High school

0.86 (0.64–1.14)

1.27 (0.90–1.80)

0.74 (0.40–1.36)

0.78 (0.37–1.64)

Some college

0.62 (0.42–0.90)

1.03 (0.71–1.48)

0.92 (0.50–1.69)

0.76 (0.38–1.50)

College graduate

0.52 (0.36–0.76)

0.77 (0.47–1.25)

0.53 (0.25–1.13)

0.51 (0.22–1.16)

Cardiovascular disease

1.58 (1.03–2.40)

1.51 (1.01–2.17)

1.85 (1.11–3.08)

2.24 (1.20–4.18)

Diabetes

1.60 (1.19–2.16)

2.65 (1.89–3.72)

1.48 (0.83–2.65)

3.66 (2.26–5.92)

Waist circumference

    

Non-obese

1.00

1.00

1.00

1.00

Obese

1.83 (1.42–2.35)

2.14 (1.55–2.95)

2.43 (1.62–3.64)

3.20 (1.80–5.69)

Smoking status

    

Never smoker

1.00

1.00

1.00

1.00

Former smoker

0.87 (0.62–1.21)

1.00 (0.74–1.36)

0.69 (0.44–1.08)

2.05 (1.22–3.44)

Current smoker

1.31 (1.04–1.65)

1.35 (0.98–1.86)

1.89 (1.24–2.86)

2.14 (1.24–3.68)

Occupational exposure

    

No

 

1.00

 

1.00

Yes

 

1.05 (0.81–1.35)

 

1.09 (0.71–1.68)

  1. White, African American, and Mexican American participants only.
  2. aAdjusted for the other variables included in the table (age, sex, race/ethnicity, education, CVD, diabetes, waist circumference, smoking status, and occupational exposure for 2007–2010 population).