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Table 1 Characteristics of the enrolled patients in the treated (specific extract of duck liver and heart) and untreated groups

From: Does homeopathic medicine have a preventive effect on respiratory tract infections? A real life observational study

 

Total

Study groups

p between groups

 

Treated

Untreated

(n = 459)

(n = 248)

(n = 211)

Province of residence:

   

0.553b

 - Cremona

261 (56.9 %)

140 (56.5 %)

121 (57.2 %)

 - Bergamo

91 (19.8 %)

48 (19.4 %)

43 (20.4 %)

 - Milan

86 (18.7 %)

51 (20.6 %)

35 (16.6 %)

 - Others

21 (4.6 %)

9 (3.6 %)

12 (5.7 %)

Gender:

   

0.574c

 - Male

221 (48.1 %)

116 (46.8 %)

105 (49.8 %)

 - Female

238 (51.9 %)

132 (53.2 %)

106 (50.2 %)

Age classes:

   

0.032b

 - 1-2 years

29 (6.3 %)

19 (7.7 %)

10 (4.7 %)

 - 3-5 years

74 (16.1 %)

48 (19.4 %)

26 (12.3 %)

 - 6-17 years

90 (19.6 %)

54 (21.8 %)

36 (17.1 %)

 - 18-64 years

201 (43.8 %)

96 (38.7 %)

105 (49.8 %)

 - 65 or more years

65 (14.2 %)

31 (12.5 %)

34 (16.1 %)

Smoking habits:

   

0.703b

 - No smokers

282 (61.4 %)

155 (62.5 %)

127 (60.2 %)

 - Passive smokers

42 (9.2 %)

25 (10.1 %)

17 (8.1 %)

 - Former smokers

62 (13.5 %)

32 (12.9 %)

30 (14.2 %)

 - Current smokers

73 (15.9 %)

36 (14.5 %)

37 (17.5 %)

No. of concomitant respiratory diseases:

   

0.168d

 - None

171 (37.3 %)

86 (34.7 %)

85 (40.3 %)

 - 1 disease

184 (40.1 %)

101 (40.7 %)

83 (39.3 %)

 - 2 diseases

104 (22.7 %)

61 (24.6 %)

43 (20.4 %)

Concomitant respiratory diseases:

    

 - COPDa

63 (13.7 %)

33 (13.3 %)

30 (14.2 %)

0.787c

 - Respiratory allergy

195 (42.5 %)

109 (44.0 %)

86 (40.8 %)

0.508c

 - Asthma

105 (22.9 %)

55 (22.2 %)

50 (23.7 %)

0.739c

 - Other respiratory diseases

29 (6.3 %)

26 (10.5 %)

3 (1.4 %)

<0.001c

  1. a COPD: chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
  2. b Pearson chi-square test
  3. c Fisher’s exact test
  4. d Linear-by-linear chi-square test