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Table 2 Factors associated with exacerbation and re-exacerbation, univariate analysis

From: Predictive factors for exacerbation and re-exacerbation in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: an extension of the Cox model to analyze data from the Swiss COPD cohort

 

Factors associated with exacerbation

Factors associated with re-exacerbation

General characteristics

HR

Lower/upper 95% confidence interval

p

HR

Lower/upper 95% confidence interval

p

Age (years)

1.084

0.977/1.203

0.127

1.168

0.977/1.396

0.088

Male sex

0.825

0.654/1.042

0.107

0.991

0.705/1.393

0.958

BMI (kg/m2)

0.832

0.650/1.064

0.142

1.201

0.847/1.703

0.304

Current smokers

0.954

0.755/1.205

0.693

0.803

0.574/1.122

0.198

Lung function

 FEV1/FVC

0.862

0.773/0.962

0.008

0.953

0.810/1.121

0.559

 FEV1 %Ref

0.877

0.812/0.947

0.001

1.000

0.864/1.157

0.997

 FVC %Ref

0.941

0.868/1.019

0.132

0.998

0.896/1.111

0.966

Symptoms

 mMRC dyspnea scale 0–1

 

Reference

  

Reference

 

 mMRC dyspnea scale 2

1.349

1.055/1.726

0.017

1.332

0.859/2.065

0.200

 mMRC dyspnea scale 3

1.371

0.993/1.892

0.055

1.434

0.925/2.223

0.107

 mMRC dyspnea scale 4

3.036

1.930/4.777

< 0.001

1.974

1.083/3.600

0.026

 Cough

1.238

0.998/1.535

0.052

1.344

0.838/2.156

0.220

 Sputum

1.396

1.126/1.731

0.002

1.160

0.765/1.759

0.485

Treatment

 Short-acting bronchodilators

1.665

1.323/2.096

< 0.001

1.072

0.774/1.485

0.677

 Long-acting ß2-agonists (LABA)

1.037

0.813/1.324

0.768

0.857

0.612/1.199

0.368

 Long-acting muscarinic antagonists (LAMA)

0.918

0.739/1.141

0.440

0.723

0.527/0.991

0.044

 Inhaled corticosteroids (ICS)

1.460

1.120/1.903

0.005

0.965

0.694/1.343

0.834

 Inhaled combination therapy (LABA+ICS)

1.200

0.956/1.505

0.116

1.397

0.988/1.974

0.058

 Systemic corticosteroids

1.764

1.118/2.785

0.015

0.820

0.544/1.235

0.342

Comorbidities

 Asthma

1.271

0.965/1.675

0.088

0.997

0.676/1.472

0.988

 Diabetes mellitus

1.122

0.836/1.507

0.433

1.185

0.782/1.796

0.424

 Hypertension

1.108

0.869/1.413

0.408

0.852

0.610/1.190

0.348

 Coronary heart disease

1.239

0.933/1.644

0.139

1.177

0.796/1.741

0.413

 Heart failure

0.988

0.695/1.404

0.947

0.988

0.598/1.631

0.961

 Cerebrovascular Insult (CVI)

0.975

0.509/1.868

0.940

2.073

1.288/3.337

0.003

Other

 Sports (at least twice a week)

1.062

0.830/1.360

0.630

0.609

0.388/0.956

0.031

 Pulmonary rehabilitation

1.061

0.636/1.769

0.821

0.578

0.294/1.135

0.111

 Hospitalization for any reason

1.701

1.021/2.833

0.041

0.939

0.593/1.487

0.788

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