Table 1 Study population. (518)
Demographics characteristics | |
Female, n (%) | 220 (42.5) |
Median (IQR) age, years | 80 (71–87) |
Comorbidities, n (%) | |
Median (IQR) Charlson comorbidity index | 6 (5–8) |
Hypertension | 289 (55.8) |
Diabetes mellitus | 124 (23.9) |
Ischemic heart disease | 109 (21.0) |
COPD | 114 (22.0) |
Stroke | 83 (16.0) |
Dementia | 79 (15.3) |
Chronic heart failure | 50 (9.7) |
Chronic liver disease | 38 (7.3) |
Peripheral vascular disease | 28 (5.4) |
Hemiplegia | 21 (4.1) |
Cirrhosis | 25 (4.8) |
Risk factors for MDR pathogens, n (%) | |
Patients with at least one risk factor for MDR pathogens | 397 (76.6) |
Hospitalization in the past 90 days | 147 (28.4) |
Median (IQR) LOS | 13 (8–21) |
Day hospital attendance in the past 90 days | 100 (19.3) |
Antibiotic therapy in the past 90 days | 80 (15.5) |
Severe immunosuppression | 98 (18.9) |
Mild /moderate immunosuppression | 83 (16.0) |
Solid cancer | 73 (14.1) |
Chronic steroid therapy | 68 (13.1) |
Haematological malignancy | 45 (8.7) |
Chemotherapy | 28 (5.4) |
AIDS | 3 (0.6) |
Chronic renal failure | 96 (18.5) |
Dialysis | 16 (3.1) |
Home wound care/infusion therapy | 82 (15.8) |
Indwelling bladder catheter | 70 (13.5) |
Nursing home or LTCF residency | 45 (8.7) |
Indwelling intravascular catheters | 31 (6.0) |
Clinical findings | |
Median (IQR) body temperature, °C | 38.0 (37.1–38.7) |
Median (IQR) systolic blood pressure, mmHg | 110 (90–135) |
Median (IQR) diastolic blood pressure, mmHg | 60 (50–70) |
Median (IQR) mean blood pressure, mmHg | 77 (63–92) |
Median (IQR) heart rate, bpm | 102 (88–120) |
Median (IQR) oxygen saturation, % | 95 (91–97) |
Median (IQR) respiratory rate, bpm | 22 (18–30) |
Median (IQR) shock index | 0.9 (0.7–1.2) |
Laboratory findings | |
Median (IQR) arterial pH | 7.5 (7.4–7.5) |
Median (IQR) PaCO2, mmHg | 30 (25–35) |
Median (IQR) PaO2, mmHg | 65 (55–77) |
Median (IQR) HCO3− mEq/L | 21.8 (18.0–24.6) |
Median (IQR) PaO2/FiO2 ratio | 276 (229–333) |
Median (IQR) lactate, mEq/L | 2.9 (2.1–4.3) |
Median (IQR) white blood cells, cell/L−1 | 12.1 (7.3–17.9) |
Median (IQR) platelets, cell/L−1 | 190.0 (131.0–258.5) |
Mean (SD) haemoglobin, g/dL | 12.3 (2.3) |
Median (IQR) glucose, mg/dL | 141 (110–192) |
Median (IQR) urea, mg/dL | 65 (46–97) |
Median (IQR) creatinine, mg/dL | 1.6 (1.2–2.4) |
Median (IQR) C-reactive protein, g/dL | 11.4 (4.5–22.7) |
Median (IQR) aspartate aminotransferase U/l | 28 (20–50) |
Median (IQR) alanine aminotransferase U/l | 21 (13–39) |
Median (IQR) lactate dehydrogenase | 327 (222–457) |
Median (IQR) total bilirubin, mg/dL | 0.8 (0.5–1.6) |
Median (IQR) INR | 1.3 (1.2–1.5) |
Site of primary infection, n (%) | |
Lung | 273 (59.9) |
Urinary tract | 166 (36.4) |
Abdomen | 59 (12.9) |
Skin and soft tissue | 31 (6.8) |
Central nervous system | 9 (2.0) |
Bone and joints | 4 (0.9) |
More than one site | 82 (15.8) |
Unknown origin | 62 (12.0) |
MOF, n (%) | |
Metabolic dysfunction | 359 (75.6) |
Renal failure | 223 (43.6) |
Hemodynamic failure | 200 (39.0) |
Cognitive impairment | 158 (32.9) |
Shock | 146 (28.2) |
Respiratory failure | 94 (18.4) |
Liver failure | 67 (13.9) |
Coagulation dysfunction | 56 (12.1) |
Haematological dysfunction | 51 (9.9) |
Antibiotics, n (%) | |
Azithromycin | 40 (5.5) |
Piperacillin/Tazobactam | 188 (25.9) |
Ceftriaxone | 164 (22.6) |
Levofloxacin | 111 (15.3) |
Imipenem | 66 (9.1) |
Vancomycin | 51 (7.0) |
Ciprofloxacin | 28 (3.9) |
Amoxicillin/Clavulanate | 22 (3.0) |
Metronidazole | 16 (2.2) |
Meropenem | 5 (0.7) |
Ampicillin | 7 (1.0) |
Amikacin | 7 (1.0) |
Ceftazidime | 5 (0.7) |
Others | 16 (2.2) |
Appropriate empiric antibiotic therapy according to local guidelines | 273 (58.3) |
Appropriate empiric antibiotic therapy according to antibiotic susceptibility of the isolated pathogen | 155 (66.8) |
Use of vasopressors | 84 (16.2) |
Mechanical ventilation | 8 (2.5) |