Table 5 Study population according to in-hospital mortality. (518)

Hospital mortality, n (%)

378 (74.0)

133 (25.7)

–

 Female, n (%)

158 (41.8)

59 (44.4)

0.61

 Median (IQR) age

78 (69–85)

81 (75–87)

0.01

 COPD

85 (22.5)

28 (21.1)

0.73

 Diabetes mellitus

99 (26.2)

23 (17.3)

0.04

 Hypertension

211 (55.8)

75 (56.4)

0.91

 Ischemic heart disease

73 (19.3)

36 (27.1)

0.06

 Chronic heart failure

35 (9.3)

15 (11.3)

0.50

 Peripheral vascular disease

14 (3.7)

14 (10.5)

0.003

 Stroke

54 (14.3)

27 (20.3)

0.10

 Hemiplegia

14 (3.7)

7 (5.3)

0.44

 Dementia

54 (14.3)

24 (18.1)

0.30

 Chronic liver disease

27 (7.1)

11 (8.3)

0.67

 Cirrhosis

16 (4.2)

8 (6.0)

0.40

 Chronic renal failure

64 (16.9)

31 (23.3)

0.10

 Active dialysis

12 (3.2)

4 (3.0)

1.0

 Solid cancer

53 (14.0)

20 (15.0)

0.77

 Haematological malignancy

28 (7.4)

16 (12.0)

0.10

 AIDS

2 (0.5)

1 (0.8)

1.0

 Chemotherapy

19 (5.0)

9 (6.8)

0.45

 Severe immunosuppression

62 (16.4)

34 (25.6)

0.02

 Mild/moderate immunosuppression

61 (16.1)

22 (16.5)

0.91

 Chronic steroid therapy

46 (12.2)

22 (16.5)

0.20

 Median (IQR) Charlson comorbidity index

6 (4–8)

7 (5–9)

0.001

 LTCF

27 (7.1)

18 (13.5)

0.03

 Antibiotic therapy in the past 90 days

50 (13.3)

30 (22.9)

0.009

 Hospitalization in the past 90 days

91 (24.1)

55 (41.4)

< 0.0001

 Home wound care/infusion therapy

56 (14.8)

25 (18.8)

0.28

 Day hospital attendance

73 (19.3)

25 (18.8)

0.90

 Indwelling bladder catheter

49 (12.9)

20 (15.0)

0.55

 Indwelling intravascular catheters

24 (6.4)

7 (5.3)

0.65

 Median (IQR) body temperature, °C

38.0 (37.2–38.8)

37.6 (36.6–38.5)

0.03

 Median (IQR) systolic blood pressure, mmHg

113 (90–140)

99 (80–120)

0.0001

 Median (IQR) diastolic blood pressure, mmHg

60 (50–73)

55 (46–68)

0.0006

 Median (IQR) mean blood pressure, mmHg

78 (63–93)

70 (60–83)

0.0001

 Median (IQR) heart rate, bpm

102 (87–120)

103 (88–120)

0.99

 Median (IQR) oxygen saturation, %

95 (92–98)

94 (90–97)

0.06

 Median (IQR) respiratory rate, bpm

22 (18–28)

28 (18–35)

0.008

 Median (IQR) shock index

0.9 (0.7–1.2)

1.0 (0.8–1.3)

0.002

 Median (IQR) arterial pH

7.5 (7.4–7.5)

7.4 (7.4–7.5)

0.0004

 Median (IQR) PaCO₂, mmHg

30.0 (26.0–35.0)

31.0 (24.0–36.5-)

0.80

 Median (IQR) PaO₂, mmHg

65 (55–76)

67 (55–82)

0.27

 Median (IQR) HCO₃- mEq/L

22.0 (18.3–25.0)

20.7 (15.4–24.0)

0.009

 Median (IQR) PaO₂/FiO₂ ratio

281.0 (233.0–333.0)

271.5 (222.0–335.5)

0.88

 Median (IQR) lactate, mEq/L

2.8 (2.1–4.0)

3.1 (2.1–5.7)

0.02

 Median (IQR) white blood cells, cell/L⁻¹

12.2 (7.4–17.8)

12.5 (7.3–19.3)

0.50

 Median (IQR) platelet, cell/L^− 1

198.0 (140.0–254.0)

181.0 (105.5–276.0)

0.45

 Mean (SD) haemoglobin, g/dL

12.6 (2.2)

11.4 (2.3)

< 0.0001

 Median (IQR) glucose, mg/dL

144.5 (113.0–198.0)

126.5 (100.5–185.0)

0.004

 Median (IQR) urea, mg/dL

58 (43–87)

87 (63–145)

< 0.0001

 Median (IQR) creatinine, mg/dL

1.5 (1.1–2.1)

2.0 (1.5–4.1)

< 0.0001

 Median (IQR) C-reactive protein, g/dL

10.0 (3.8–21.6)

15.7 (7.1–25.9)

0.0006

 Median (IQR) Aspartate aminotransferase

28 (20–46)

33 (20–65)

0.05

 Median (IQR) Alanine aminotransferase

21 (13–40)

24 (12–39)

0.85

 Median (IQR) total bilirubin, mg/dL

0.8 (0.5–1.7)

1.0 (0.6–1.6)

0.52

 Median (IQR) INR

1.3 (1.1–1.5)

1.3 (1.2–1.7)

0.40

 Lung

192 (57.3)

77 (67.0)

0.07

 Urinary tract

134 (40.0)

31 (27.0)

0.01

 Central nervous system

6 (1.8)

2 (1.7)

1.0

 Abdomen

43 (12.8)

16 (13.9)

0.77

 Skin and soft tissue)

18 (5.4)

13 (11.3)

0.03

 Bone and joints

3 (0.9)

1 (0.9)

1.0

 Multiple origin

58 (15.3)

24 (18.1)

0.47

 Unknown origin

43 (11.4)

18 (13.5)

0.51

 Hemodynamic failure

136 (36.3)

64 (48.9)

0.01

 Respiratory failure

71 (19.0)

23 (17.6)

0.71

 Renal failure)

153 (41.1)

68 (51.5)

0.04

 Liver failure

44 (12.6)

23 (18.1)

0.12

 Cognitive impairment

106 (29.9)

49 (40.8)

0.03

 Haematological dysfunction

34 (9.0)

15 (11.5)

0.42

 Coagulation dysfunction

33 (9.9)

22 (18.0)

0.02

 Metabolic dysfunction

261 (74.8)

94 (78.3)

0.43

 Shock

75 (19.8)

69 (51.9)

< 0.0001

 Blood cultures performed in the first 48 h

326 (86.2)

114 (85.7)

0.88

 Bacteremia

148 (45.4)

48 (42.1)

0.54

 Cultures

()

()

 Culture positive

224 (59.3)

77 (57.9)

0.78

 Polymicrobial infection

16 (7.1)

13 (16.7)

0.01

 MDR pathogen isolated

52 (13.8)

35 (26.3)

0.001

 ESBL producer pathogen isolated

33 (8.7)

16 (12.0)

0.27

 MRSA isolated

6 (1.6)

14 (10.5)

< 0.0001

Appropriate empiric antibiotic therapy according to local guidelines

190 (56.6)

77 (61.6)

0.33

Appropriate empiric antibiotic therapy according to antibiotic susceptibility of the isolated pathogen

118 (71,1%)

56 (37,1%)

0,058

Use of vasopressors

49 (13.0)

35 (26.3)

< 0.0001

Mechanical ventilation

4 (1.6)

4 (5.3)

0.09