Table 2 Heart rate limiting drugs in groups (case: beta-blockers, control: non-beta-blockers)
|  | Case, n = 74 | Control, n = 114 | p |
|---|---|---|---|
Previous HRLD use, n (%) | 31(41.9) | 57 (50.0) | 0.28 |
Previously used HRLDs | |||
 Beta-blocker, n (%) | 27 (87.1) | 4 (7.0) | 0.001 |
 Diltiazem, n (%) | 1 (1.4) | 37 (64.9) | |
 Amiodorone, n (%) | 0 (0.0) | 2 (3.5) | |
 Digitoxin, n (%) | 0 (0.0) | 3 (5.3) | |
 Multidrug*, n (%) | 3 (12.9) | 11 (19.3) | |
HRLDs used in ICU | |||
HRLD, n | Metoprolol = 59 | Diltiazem = 91 | -- |
Bisoprolol = 4 | Digoxin = 2 | ||
Carvedilol = 11 | Amiodorone = 3 | ||
| Â | *More than one =18 | ||
Reasons for HRLD use, n(%) | Â | Â | Â |
 AF | 17 (23.0) | 35 (50.7) | 0.004 |
 SVT | 31 (41.9) | 62 (54.4) | |
 VT | 0 (0.0) | 1 (0.9) | |
 CHF | 13 (17.6) | 5 (4.4) | |
 HT | 6 (8.1) | 10 (8.8) | |
 Suspicion of MI | 7 (9.5) | 1 (0.9) | |
Only received HRLDs on day 1, n (%) | 4 (5.4) | 13 (11.4) | 0.16 |
Intermittent HRLD use, n (%) | 7 (9.5) | 11 (9.6) | 0.97 |
 ♦Heart rate/min on admission to ICU | 111 (21) | 115 (25) | 0.31 |
 ♦Highest heart rate/min | 128 (25) | 133 (20) | 0.14 |
 ♦MAP, mmHg on admission of ICU | 97 (26) | 101 (25) | 0.33 |
 ♦Highest MAP, mmHg | 118 (20) | 119 (21) | 0.63 |