Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is one of the major causes of morbidity and mortality worldwide. The progressive increase of its epidemiological and socio-economic impact is endless, also due to the presence of several comorbidities which can affect substantially the clinical progression of COPD, together with the patients’ quality of life and survival.
In the last decades many studies were particularly aimed to assess and characterize the prevalence of comorbidities in COPD patients, and in the majority of these studies the overall prevalence is confirmed quite high, ranging between 65-81 % of subjects [14–19]. Data of the present study, even if collected according to a different protocol design, are in general agreement with those of a recent Italian survey which found a quite similar rate of comorbidities in comparable COPD subjects [19]. These data further proves that the prevalence of comorbidities is very high also in a cohort of COPD patients referring for the first time to a specialist institution, because 73.8 % of patients aged 70 years had at least one comorbidity of clinical relevance. This figure, when compared to that of a previous study carried out on a quite similar cohort of Italian COPD patients of the same age (70.3 years) [20], is suggesting that an increase of 16.1 % in the general prevalence of comorbidities occurred over less than a decade. The high impact of comorbidities is further emphasized by the evidence that two or more disorders were recorded in the vast majority of patients (68.8 %), and that three or more were also found in near 50 % of COPD subjects. These data confirm those of other recent studies focusing the same aspect in COPD [3, 21, 22].
Actually, the clinical relevance of these figures is also emphasized by the mean CCI value assessed in the present paper, which was higher than that found in other studies [23] (3.4 vs 2.5, respectively), thus contributing to support and explain the higher prevalence of comorbidities per patient found in our cohort of patients (i.e. an average of 2.6). Moreover, the prevalence of comorbidities proved significantly higher in females than in males (3.0 vs 2.5 per patient, respectively), thus showing a clear gender-dependent trend which might support the hypothesis of the heavier global COPD impact in females than in males.
From a general point of view, cardiovascular disorders proved once again the most represented in COPD patients, with a percentage frequency absolutely comparable to that of other recent studies [3, 7–9, 19, 24], even if with some differences, such as, congestive heath failure were most represented in females, and chronic cor pulmonale and arrhythmias in males. Ischemic heart disease were equally distributed in both sex and this result might be related to the ever increasing tobacco use among females in our country during the last decades.
A trend in favour of a gender-dependency was also found in respiratory disorders: differently from pneumonia, chronic respiratory failure and pleural effusions which were more frequent in males, bronchiectasis and ACOS prevailed in females. In particular, the ACOS prevalence assessed in the present study was very similar (i.e. 22 %) to that described in some specific studies which positioned this respiratory complex disorder around the 15–25 % of all COPD phenotypes [3, 25–27].
In the present study, metabolic disorders (in particular, diabetes and obesity) were less represented than in other studies [3] and it might be presumably related to the differences in the Italian alimentary style and the daily diet also in COPD patients. Also anaemia was recognised with a frequency very close to that of other studies [28, 29], even if in the present study anaemia was once again confirmed as significantly more represented in females than in males [29]. This evidence also supports the above mentioned higher clinical impact of COPD in females, likely due to the effects of systemic inflammation which can affect biological pathways more heavily in a gender-dependent manner.
Despite digestive disorders appear clearly more frequent in females in absolute terms, only gall-bladder stones proved a clear gender-dependent prevalence in females, even if inflammatory gastric disorders seem to prevail in males. Moreover, only osteoporosis and spontaneous fractures represent a sort of females’ privilege, while arthrosis (and related disorders) represent a common characteristic of males with COPD. Independently of long-term corticosteroid use, anaemia occurrence, and possible-skeletal muscle dysfunction, the clear gender-dependency of these particular comorbidities can be likely suggested as mainly related to the hormonal disorders and the vitamin D deficiency which peculiarly characterize the second half of females’ life [28].
As in other previous studies, degenerative brain disorders together with cognitive disturbances and depression proved the most common neurological disorders related to COPD [7, 8, 30]. In particular, the occurrence of substantial limitations in cognition had been recently assessed by means of different psychometric instruments in COPD in proportion to the extent of chronic airway obstruction [31], and then it has been suggested as likely related to the extent of systemic inflammation. Furthermore, if the COPD males’ profile seems mainly characterized by the occurrence of neurological disorders (such as, dementia and limitations in cognition related to degenerative brain disorders), that of COPD females proves mostly characterized by the occurrence of peculiar psychological disorders, such as depression, also in agreement with a recent Italian survey [19]. Also in this case, sociologic, but also biologic (i.e. hormonal, vascular, etc.) determinants might contribute to this gender-dependent difference.
Finally, in the oncologic field, independently of those cancers which take their origin from gender-specific organs (such as, prostate in males; breast and the gynaecologic district in females), to point out that if the lung cancer ranked, as expected, at the first place in men, it, however, raised up to the second rank (only preceded by the thyroid cancer) in females, thus suggesting in this case its worrying progressive increase, almost independent of gender.
When the prevalence of comorbidities is investigated according to the different GOLD stages, they show a clear progressive increase from stage I to stage IV of COPD severity, except cardio-vascular and metabolic disorders which maintain this progression only up to the III GOLD stage, but show a dramatic drop of their prevalence just in the IV GOLD stage. If it is well accepted that systemic inflammation is of increasing extent during COPD progression, the most plausible hypothesis for explaining this strange inconsistency is that patients affected from most severe and most complicated cardio-vascular and/or metabolic disorders presumably have a higher mortality rate within the IV GOLD. This substantial mortality obviously leads to a selection of patients, and the final outcome (such as, the apparent drop in the prevalence of this kind of comorbidities in the extreme stage of COPD severity) is only mirroring a selection bias, and a misleading outcome. Actually, this epidemiologic feature should be instead regarded as a very severe outcome for these patients.
This study has some limitations. Firstly, it is a cross-sectional study and it does not provide any perspective information in the present version. Secondly, also specific information related to different phenotypes of COPD had not been provided with present data. Nevertheless, data collected in this first phase of the study are in agreement with, and confirm those of bigger studies carried out in different countries. The occurrence and the severity of comorbidities during the natural history of COPD further confirm their role in affecting the socio-economic impact, the quality of life, and mortality of COPD substantially.